TABLE
OF CONTENT
TITLE
PAGE....................................................................................................................... i
PREFACE........................................................................................................................... ii
TABLE
OF CONTENT..................................................................................................... iii
CHAPTER
I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background......................................................................................1
1.2 Purpose.............................................................................................2
CHAPTER II REVIEW
2.1 Definition of hepatitis disease.........................................................3
2.2 Symptoms of hepatitis.....................................................................3
2.3 Complication of hepatitis.................................................................4
2.4 Preventing of hepatitis disease.........................................................6
2.5 Testing
for hepatitis.........................................................................9
2.6 Breastfeeding and Viral Hepatitis..................................................10
2.7 The basics of hepatitis treatment...................................................12
2.8 Alternative therapies......................................................................14
2.9 The
hepatitis community ..............................................................14
CHAPTER III CLOSING
3.1 Conclusion.....................................................................................16
3.2 Suggestion.....................................................................................17
REFERENCE.............................................................................................................. ....18
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background
Hepatitis is a disease
that includes any type of inflammation of the liver., the result of complex
process that occurs when the liver suffers an injury. Medicine call the
inflammation that lasts than six months acute hepatitis and inflammation that
lasts longer than six months chronic hepatitis. While there are many causes of
liver inflammation, clinicians divide them into two main categories, it is
viral hepatitis and non infectious hepatitis.
A variety of symptomps
may developed in the setting of acute or chronic liver injury. Because the
liver react in different ways depending on the cause and the duration of the
inflammation, and some people have symptoms and some do not ( a condition known
as asymptomic), only a physician can tell you if you have hepatitis.
Hepatitis can progress
to or be complicated by other diseases. Some of these disease, like fibrosis
and cirrhosis are very common. Fortunately, other complication like liver
failure are usually prevented.
Usually the diagnosis
of hepatitis made using a combination of test. More advanced test might include
using imaging technology such as ultrasound, computerized axial tomograpy (CT)
scans or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or a liver biopsy, where a doctor
removes a small piece of the liver and sends it to a laboratory for further
testing.
The basics of hepatitis
treatment is rest, rest and more rest, interferon, other antiviral drugs, liver
transplantation and new treatment. However some basics strategis, if followed
will lower your risk of developing viral hepatitis vaccination, immune
globulin, hand washing, how to properly wash your hands, avoid used needles,
safer sex, how to properly put on a condom. Alternative therapies is treating
with alternative medicine and four natural remidies that won’t cure hepatitis.
The hepatitis community
consist of internet, hospital or medical center, community center, physican
practice or doctor’s office, nonprofit organization or foundation and keep your
medication on schedule.
1.2
Purpose
1. To
know about definition of hepatitis disease
2. To
know about symptomps of hepatitis
3. To
know about complication of hepatitis
4. To
know about preventing of hepatitis disease
5. To
know about the basics of hepatitis treatment
6. To
know about alternative therapies
7. To
know about the hepatitis community
CHAPTER II
REVIEW
2.1 Definition of hepatitis disease
The simplest explanation of hepatitis
is inflammation of the liver, which can be caused by viruses, medications, or
toxic agents. The inflammation
happens when liver cells die and the body's immune system sends in special
cells that actually cause inflammation while trying to help the body repair the
liver. Such inflammation may clear up on its own, or continue on as chronic
inflammation.While there are many cause of liver inflammation, clinicians
divide them into two main categories, it is viral hepatitis and non-infectious
hepatitis.
- Viral Hepatitis
When most people think
of hepatitis, they’re usually thinking about viral hepatitis. There are five
viruses that commonly infect the liver. What makes viral hepatitis confusing is
that each one of these viruses cause a slightly different type of disease and
has a different way of spreading. Some of these viral infections can result in
acute, chronic or both forms of hepatitis. Since these viruses spread form
person to person.
- Non infectious Hepatitis
Not all causes of
hepatitis are infectious. Chemical such as alcohol or medications can be
harmful to the liver and can cause inflammation. In addition, other health
problems like genetic and metabolic disorders, immune-related injury and
obesity, can damage the liver and lead to inflammation.
2.2
Symptoms
of Hepatitis
A variety of symptomps
may developed in the setting of acute or chronic liver injury. Because the
liver reacts in different ways depending on the cause and the duration of
inflammation, and some people have symptoms and some do not, only a physicians
can tell you if you have hepatitis.
While many people
associate with jaundice, where the skin and the white of the eyes turn abnormal
yellow color, because it cause by the accumulation in the blood of bilirubin a
yellowish pigment in bile (which is produced in the liver). But many people
will not have jaundice because not enough of yellow chemical has accumulated to
a certain level in the body. Jaundice can also be detected in the mucous
membranes, such as under the tongue.
Here is a list of
symptoms associated with acute viral hepatitis. The big of acute viral
hepatitis symptoms, that is
a)
General malaise
( a vague symptoms where feel uncomfortable and a little tired).
b)
Myalgia (muscle
pain) and Arthralgia (join pain). It is last from days to weeks and more common
in acute hepatitis than in chronic hepatitis.
c)
Fatigue (
extreme tiredness)
It
is a common problem for hepatitis. It is debilitating tiredness and a big
source of frustration ffor people with liver disease.
d)
Anorexia (
having no appetite)
Decreased
appetic, known medically as anorexia ( wich is different from the eating
disorder anorexia nervosa), is a common symptoms of acute hepatitis and chronic
liver disease.
e)
Changes in your
normal sense of smell and taste accompany anorexia ( for example, smokers
sometimes develop a temporary distate for smoking)
f)
Unusual
sensitivity to bright light (photo phobia)
g)
Nausea and
vomiting ( these are very common symptoms)
h)
Diarrhea ( less
common)
i)
Constipation
(less common)
j)
Fever (usually
low-grade and most common in hepatitis A and E)
k)
Upper-right
abdominal pain (pain in the upper belly on the right side, usually mild and
costant).
2.3
Complication
of hepatitis
Hepatitis
can progress to or be complicated by other disease. Some of these disease, like
fibrosis and cirrhosis are very common. Fortunately, other complications like
liver failure are usually prevented. There are teen kinds of possible
complications related with hepatitis.
1. Fibrosis
One
of the most common complications of chronic hepatitis is fibrosis, wich is a type of scarring of the liver. The liver
is damaged by constant inflammation and creates the scar tissue to repair it
self. The good news that if fibrosis is
controlled in time and limited to small part of the liver, the rest of the
organ can wok harder and keep up with the liver’s functios.
2. Chirrhosis
of the Liver
Extensive
fibrosis is called cirrhosis. Hepatitis C and alcoholic hepatitis are two very
common causes of cirrhosis, though there are many others.
3. Cancer
of the liver
One
of the complications of cirrhosis is liver cancer, wich is usually two tyeps.
Hepatocellular carcinoma is a type of cancer that affect the liver cells. The
other type is cholangiolar carcinoma, wich affect the bill ducts.
4. Liver
failure
It
is a serious, but uncommon, complication of hepatitis,. The liver no longer
function and this leads to the body shutting down and eventuaally death. There
are many specific causes of liver failure, but general failure result when the
liver is so damaged that it is unable to keep up with the body’s need.
5. Glomerulonephritis
It
is a complicated disorder of the kidneys caused by inflamation and is seen in
chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis C infections.
6. Cryoglobulinemin
Seen
in chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis C infections, cryoglobulinemia is an
uncommon disease caused by an abnormal cluster of kind protein that blocks
small blood vessels leading to circulation problems.
7. Hepatic
Encephalopathy
Severe
loss of liver function such as liver failure can lead to inflammation in the
brain called encephalopaty. This causes mental problems, like confusion and can
lead to coma. Advanced hepatic encephalopathy is a serious condition and is
usually fatal.
8. Portal
Hypertension
One
of the liver’s important jobs is to filter blood. However, cirrhosis and other
problem can interfere with the liver’s portal circulation system. When this
portal system is blocked, blood can’t return to the liver from the digestive
system and pressure increases,, called portal hypertension. This is a serious
complication and can be fatal.
9. Porphyria
It
iss a group of disease caused by problems processing important chemical in the
body called porphyrins. One type called porphyria cutane tara, leads to
bliestering of the hands and face and is a rare complication of chronic
hepatitis C infection.
10. Viral
co-Infection
A
challenging complication of hepatitis is the possibility of having two viral
infections at the same time. Hepatitis doesn’t cause the second infection, but
it does make it more difficult for the immune system to successfully attack. A
common with co-infection with hepatitis is the human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV). Because of this, it is especially important for someone with hepatitis
to take precautions against HIV infection.
2.4
Preventing
of Hepatitis Disease
Since
hepatitis is caused by many different things. However, some basic strategis if
followed will lower your risk of developing viral hepatitis.
a) Vaccination
Currently,
vacination is only available to protect againts hepatitis A and hepatitis B.
These forms of hepatitis are caused by viral infections that can be prevented
with safe and affordable vaccines. They are available for anyone interested,
but are strongly recommended for people at high risk for exposure. At this time
there is no vaccine for hepatitis C.
b) Immune
Globulin
Immune
globulin also known as IG is a potent collection of purified antibodies that
provides immediate protection to people recently exposed to hepatitis A or
hepatitis B viruses or to people who may be
exposed (for example travelers to countries where infection rates are
high). Because IG is an injection or already formed antibodies, the immune
system is immediately able to start protecting the body. This is very different
from a vaccine, because they require time to stimulate the body’s immune system
to produce the desired antibodies. IG can also be given in combination with
vaccine. This is an effective strategy because the IG offers immediate
protection until the vaccine is able to provide preotection.
c) Hand
Wasing
In
the modern age of advanced technology, we often forget that our single best
protection againts many illnesses is regular and proper hand washing. The risk
of hepatitis A infection is especially lowered by washing your hands because
the hepatitis A virus spreads through the fecal-oral route. This means that the
virus enterns the body through a person’s moouth with something that came into
contact with the feces of an infected person. Because this is usually a
person’s hands, regular hand washing interupts this infection cycle.
Sometimes
hepatitis A can be spread by infected food handlers who don’t wash their hands
well after using the toilet. These latter outbreaks quickly gain media
atteneion because of the number of people exposed and the necessary public
health intervention which usually consist of health education and maybe even IG
clinics. Of course, the best prevention for these outbreaks is consistent hand
washing for all food handlers.
d) How
to Properly Wash Your Hands
Handwashing
is the single most important procedure for preventing the spread of biological
contamination. Despitebthis fact many laboratory personnel don’t wash their
hands properly. Here are some handwashing tips and procedures for your use.
1.
Consider the
sink, including the faucet controls, contamined.
2.
Avoid touching
the sink.
3.
Turn water on using
a paper towel and then wet your hands and wrists.
4.
Work soap into a
lather.
5.
Vigorously rub
together all surfaces of the lathered hands for 15 seconds. Friction helps
remove dirt and microorganisms. Wash around and under rings, around cuticles
and under fingernails.
6.
Rinse hands
thoroughly under a stream of water. Running water carries away dirt and debris.
Point fingers down so water and contamination wont’t drip toward elbows.
7.
Dry hands
compeletely with a clean dry paper towel.
8.
Use a dry paper
towel to turn faucet off.
9.
To keep soap
from becoming a breeding place for microorganisms, thoroughly clean soap
dispensers before refilling with fresh soap.
10. When
handwashing facilities are not available at a remote work site, use an
appropriate antiseptic hand cleaner or antiseptic towelettes. As soon as
possible, rewash hands with soap and running water.
e) Avoid
Used Needles
Reusing
needles is dangerous practise that tremendously increases the risks of
developing other disease, you should not use other items like “ snorting
straws” that can be contaminated with blood. Hepatitis B and hepatitis C are
both caused by viruses that are spread by direct contact with infected blood or
body fluids in such a way that the virusus can get inside your body. This can
happen through a cut in your skin or a puncture with a needle. Because of this,
people who use dirty needles are at a very high risk of infecting themselves
with the viruses that cause hepatitis B and hepatitis C.
Anny
needle-stick injury sould be promptly washed with soap and followed by
professional medical attention.
f) Safex
Sex
It
is possible for hepatitis B and hepatitis C to be spread by sexual contact with
a person infected by those viruses. Using condoms properly and consistenly is
one effective way to reduce your risk of infection. Maintaining a monogamous
relationship (with a noninfected partner) is another effective way to avoid
infection with these disease through sexual contact.
g) How
to Properly Put on a Condom
1.
Avoid sahring
certain personal items
Anything
potentially contaminated with blood can increase the risk of infection of
hepatitis B and hepatitis C. However, it should be pointed out that casual
contact does not spread hepatitis B or hepatitis C. For example, holding hands
or hugging an infected person will not spread these viruses.
2.
Wear gloves when
handling body fluids
Wearing
gloves when handling body fluids like blood can reduce your risk of exposure to
hepatitis B and hepatitis B and hepatitis C. If you work in an enviroment where
you could even imagine the possibility of contacting blood (for example, a
school), it’s a good idea to keep a pair of disposable, latex-free gloves
nearby.
3.
Avoid
contaminated water and food
Since
the hepatitis A virus is spread through the fecal-oral route, infection can
happen by eating foods and drinking water contaminated with infected feces.
Unware travelers are infected in this way because this rarely happens in the
US. This is most common in underdeveloped countries where public sanitation
needs improvement and public water supplies are unprocted.
2.5
Testing
for Hepatitis
The
many cause of hepatitis create many ways to test for the disease. Some blood
test look for levels of enzymes and other proteins that may be disturbed when
there is liver damage. Other blood test will look for evidence of specific
viruses, levels of toxins such as alcohol or tylenol or evev makers of genetic
diseases such as iron or alpha-1 anti trypsin.
Usually,
the diagnosis of hepatitis is made using a combination of test. More advanced
test might include using imaging technology such as ultrasound, computerized
axial tomograpy (CT) scans or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
a) Sign
and symptomps
In
general, the doctor will ask questions about your symptomps such as what has
bothered you, when you noticed it and how severe they have been. If they
suspect hepatitis, he or she will ask specifically about flu-like or
gastrointestinal symptoms. The doctor will then perform such as an enlarged
liver or yellowing of your eyes or skin. After meeting with you, your doctor
will probably test some of your blood
for any markers of liver dysfunction or inflammaatiion such as the liver
enzymes.
b) Liver
enzymes
An
enzymes is aprotein that assists in chemical reactions and there are lots of
these proteins in the body that do different jobs. The liver uses some of these
to help with is essential functions, such as building things up, breaking thing
down and disposing of various waste products.
Normally
the liver keeps tight control of its
enzymes, but when the liver is damaged, these enzymes can escape into the
blood. The three most common enzymes doctors use to test for liver damage are
alanine aminotransaminase (ALT), asparate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma
glutamyl transaminase (GGT). While liver enzymes can tell if there is liver
danmage, they can’t tell the cause of damage.
c) Antibody
test
The
body’s immune system makes antibodies and they are specific to a particular
virus. As soon as the body dtermines a viral infection, it starts producing IgM
antibodies wich target that specific virus. Later at the end of infection the
body produce another type of antibody calleg IgG. This too, is specific to the
virus but it provides future immunity. Doctors can test the blood for IgM ang
IgG antibodies specific to hepatitis A or hepatitis B. For hepatitis C, the
principle is the same but physicians test for different antibodies.
d) Direct
viral meassures
Once
antibodies point to evidence of viral hepatitis, useful PCR tests for HBV and
HCV can be sent which are direct measures of the amount of virus in the blood.
e) Advanced
tests
Usually,
the diagnosis of hepatitis is made using a combination of test. More advanced
test might include using imaging technology such as ultrasound, computerized axial
tomograpy (CT) scans or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or a liver biopsy,
where a doctor removes a small piece of the liver and sends it to a laboratory
for further testing.
2.6
Breastfeeding
and Viral Hepatitis
A
common concern among mothers with viral hepatitis is if they should breastfeed
their babies. Physicians and scientists agree that it’s safe for a mother
infected with viral hepatitis to breastfeed her baby. There are some specific
viruses that cause hepatitis.
1. Hepatitis
A and Hepatitis E
Hepatitis
A (HAV) is spread mainly through the fecal-oral route, wich means that in
practice, it’s spread through person to person contact and ingesting
contaminated food or water. Because active virus is in the stool of someone
infected, good hygiene such as proper handwashing is essential to prevent its spread.
Contact with other body fluids are not high risk ways to be exposed to
hepatitis A. In fact, HAV hasn’t been found in human breast milk.
If
the mother has been exposed to HAV, she could safely take immune globulin (IG),
wich is purified antibodies that can protect her from developing the disease.
For mothers already infected with HAV, some physicians recommend giving IG to
the newborn if the mother’s symptomps began between two weeks before delivery
and one week after delivery. This is usually unnecessary because HAV perinatal
transmission and severe disease in most infants is rare.
Hepatitis
E is similar to hepatitis A in how it is spread. For pregnant women, hepatitis
E can be challenging because 20 % of them will developed fulminant hepatitis.
However, it’s still considered safe for mothers with hepatitis E to breastfeed
their infants.
2. Hepatitis
B and Hepaititis D
Hepatitis
B virus (HBV) is spread by contact with infected blood, usually by sharing
contamined needles or having sex with an infected person. The virus can be
found in many body fluids, but is only at infectious levels in blood, semen and
saliva. Another way HBV spreads is from the mother to the infant during birth.
However, studies show that infants aren’t infected through breast milk and
mothers infected with hepatitis B virus are still able to breastfeed. Since HBV
is spread by contact with infected blood, mothers who have hepatitis B should
avoid letting their baby nurse from cracked and bleeding nipples.
Mothers
infected with hepatitis B should vaccinate their infants with the hepatitis B
vaccine along with hepatitis B IG within 12 hours of the baby’s birth.
Hepatitis B vaccine requires three doses, one at birth, the second in two
months, and the third in six months.
Hepatitis
D requires current infection with hepatitis B and spreads through contact with
infected blood in similar ways to HBV. Transmission from the mother to the
infant is uncommon. As with HBV infection, mothers with HDV can still
breastfeed their newborns. Routine immunizazion of all babies at birth for HBV
prevents infection from HDV.
3. Hepatitis
C
Hepatitis
C virus (HCV) is spreading through contact with infected blood, as hepatitis
B.about 1 % to 2% of pregnant women are estimated to have hepatitis C and the
risk of spreading hepatitis C to the baby averages about 5%. It’s interesting
that about the same number of bottlefed babies get hepatitis C as breastfeed
babies. For this reason and the fact that there is no evidence that
breastfeeding spreads HCV, women with hepatitis C can breastfeed their babies.
It’s
important to know that if a pregnant woman is co-infected with HIV and HCV,
there is an increased risk of spreading HCV to the newborn and that she should
not breastfeed her baby.
2.7 The Basics Of Hepatitis Treatment
With hepatitis, there
is no single medicine. Treatment is specific to its cause, which means that
your physician will choose the best therapy for you based on your diagnosis. In
the case of viral hepatitis, some viruses do respond to antiviral treatment. In
certain acute cases, no drug is needed. Getting the proper treatment is
important because yiur faster your hepatitis is under control, the better your
liver will be.
A.
Rest, Rest And More Rest
Some types of
hepatitis, such as acute viral forms like hepatitis A and sometimes hepatitis B
are self-limited diseases which means that your body’s immune system will
eventually be able to destroy the viruses that causes in disease. Medicine is
rarely necessary to treat self-limited types of hepatitis, except for
supportive therapies like controlling nausea or aches and pains. However, many
people rest and give their progress to chronic problems, so after a few weeks,
you will feel better and be able to go back to normal activities.
B. Interferon
Interferon is a protein
made by the body’s immune system that combats viruses. Its anti-viral
properties make it a powerful weapon
against viral hepatitis B and C. drug scientistshave studied this protein and
developed a synthetic form that is also called interferon, but is sold under
different names like Intron, Roferonand Infergen. Synthetic interferon works
similar to the natural proteins and doctors us ethis powerful therapy to help
control the levels of hepatitis virus in the body. Unfortunately, this
treatment is expensive and has significant side effects.
C. Other Antiviral Drugs
Doctors often combine
different antiviral drugs to better combat the virus. For example, interferon
treatment may often be combined with other antiviral drugs like Lamivudine in
the case of hepatitis B infection or Ribavirin for people with hepatitis C
infection. The drug combinations have a stronger therapeutic effect than a
singular drug on its own. Similar to interferon, the side effects can be
severe. However, the costs of combination therapy are relatively reasonable.
D. Liver Transplantation
Sometimes hepatitis has
developd into such a serious disease that a liver transplant is the only
treatment left. This is a complex surgical procedure that involvesreplacing a
failing liver with a donor liver. Thousands of these operations are done every
year but because there are many risk involved, it is a treatment of last
resort.
E.
New Treatment
The future is bright
for some types of hepatitis because scientist are working to improve existing
treatments and develop new ones like antiviral drugs that more efficiently
prevent viral replication in liver cells. In addition, new therapies are taking
advantage of the explosion of knowledge in genetic engineering. Treatments
using this technology could revolutionize hepatitis therapy.
2.8 Alternative Therapies
a. Information About Milk Thistle
What is mik thistle:
Milk thistle is a plant
that grows in many parts of the united states, south america and Europe (where
it’s from originally). In some places, it’s considered a weed, and in other
places it’s eaten; however, milk thistle is most well known as a medicinal
remedy.
What does milk thistle
look like ?
The plant has a stout
stem with many spines, and wide leaves with white blotches and white veins. It
grows up 10 feet high (about two meters) and blooms.
2.9 The Hepatitis Community
Finding a support group
Support groups can be
excellent sources of information and encouragement, which are two crucial
things you need to live well with chronic hepatitis. Whether you are newly
diagnosed or are newly relapsed, finding and participating in a support group
should be one of your first priorities. Here are five places you should check
out if you’re looking for a group to join.
1.
Internet
The internet is a rich
source of support groups. These virtual communities, called forums, are filled
with people who live with alltypes of hepatitis and are at various stages of
infection. Joining an internet forum is an easy way to get advice from real
people living with the same disease as you.
2.
Hospital Or
Medical Center
Medical centers are
valuable resources for hepatitis patients. The collaborations from many health
care professionals usually brings tremendous opportunities such as variety of
patient education programs and support groups. Most medical centers have
websites that list their available support groups and patient events, along
with a contact name and the meeting time and date. Two good examples are duke
university health system, located throughout north Carolina and the southeast,
and the darthmouth-hitchcock medical center, serving new Hampshire, Vermont and
other nearby areas.
3.
Community Center
Community centers are
public places that provide various services (usually recreational and
educational) to members of a city or town. Usually these are stand-alone
buildings, but sometimes threy are part of other public places like local
libraries. Many of them will offer meeting space for support groups, such as
the bayland community center in Houston, texas. To find out if your town has a
community center, check with your library or city office.
4.
Physician
Practice Or Doctor’s Office
Gastroenterologist,
infectious disease physicians and certainly, hepatologist, are excellent
sources of information about support groups. These are physician specialist who
daily work with hepatitis patients and often have information about the closest
support meetings.
5.
Nonprofit
Organization Or Foundation
One of the best places
to get information about support groups is from liver or hepatitis
organizations, such as the American liver foundation. The websites of these
organizations usually have a comprehensive listing of support groups and are
organized by state or by region.
6.
Keep Your
Medications On Schedule
Medications are a fact
of life for many people with chronic hepatitis or other liver disease. Just
because the holiday season is here doesn’t mean you can take a break.
Treatments work by providing a specific amount of drug to your body over a
period of time. When you change this, it can interfere with how the body
responds to it. Make sure you keep taking your medications at the appropriate
times unless you change this with your physician. Even though you may have no
trouble remembering to take your medications correctly normally, the holidys
can be a huge distraction for many. Make sure you’re not one of them.
CHAPTER III
CLOSING
3.1
Conclusion
Hepatitis A disease
People are usually exposed to hepatitis A by eating or
drinking something contaminated with the virus. The infection is usually
self-limited and may have a different effect on different people. Children may
have no symptoms where as adults may have severe symptoms and be sick for up to
two months. After the infection, people are immune from getting the disease again.
When someone is sick with hepatitis A, the person will pass the virus along in
his or her stools. In developing countries with poor sanitation systems,
infected stools can contaminate an entire water supply. Hepatitis A is most
often spread by people who are infected with the virus, but don’t wash their
hands well after going to the toilet.
God hygiene and
avoiding contaminated food and water is great defense, but the best protection
is to get hepatitis A vaccine, wich is especially recommended prior to
traveling to places without a secure water supply.
Hepatitis B Disease
Hepatitis B disease is blood borne disease that usually
spread several ways, through sexual contact, from a mother to her baby during
childbirth or through any direct contact with infected blood. As an acute
disease, hepatitis B will go away in several months, but many people will
become chronically infected, which increases the risk of developing other
diseases. Two of the more serious disease are chirrhosis and liver cancer.
Chronic hepatitis B is treated with a combination of antiviral mediacation. The
best strategy is to avoid infection in the first place by getting the hepatitis
B vaccine.
Hepatitis C Disease
Hepatitis C is a blood borne disease that is spread
through direct blood to blood contact. At least half of all new cases of
hepatitis C are spread through sharing illicit drug needles or works. Hepatitis
C can be spread by sexual contact but this is very rare. There is no vaccine
for hepatitis C yet, so it is important to reduce the risk of infection by not
coming into contact with infected blood and following simple rules of
prevention. Through hepatitis C starts as an acute infection and may only last
for a couple of months, most people will go on to have a chronic infection.
This requires treatment with a combination of antiviral medications.
Hepatitis D Disease
Hepatitis D is a unique virus that can only infect
someone already infected with hepatitis B. For this reason, being vaccinated
with hepatitis B vaccine will also protect against hepatitis D infection. It is
a blood borne virus and will develop either as a co-anfection with hepatitis B,
or a super infection of hepatitis B. Either way, it will be treated along with
the hepatitis B infection.
Hepatitis E Disease
Essentially, hepatitis E is very similar to hepatitis A
in the way it’s spread and the type of disease it causes. However it is often
more severe and can have more serious out comes in pregnant women and their
babies. Hepatitis E is very common in many developing countries, and can spread
to developed countries through normal travel and immigration. There is no
vaccine available yet, but avoiding contaminated food and water and practicing
frequent handwashing are excellent ways to prevent infection. It is not spread
from person to person.
3.2
Suggestion
Since hepatitis is caused by many
different things, it’s challenging to write about preventing all types of
hepatitis in one article. However some basic strategis, if followed will lower
your risk of developing viral hepatitis. Vaccination, immune globulin,
handwashing, how to properly wash your hands, avoid used needles, safer sex,
how to properly put on a condom.
REFERENCE
htttp://hepatitis.about.com/od/symptoms/a/jaundice.htm
htttp://hepatitis.about.com/od/prevention/a/prevent_viral.htm
htttp://hepatitis.about.com/od/community/tp/findingsupport.htm
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